{"_id":"691632b8adc606a241653ac5","title":"{\"ops\":[{\"insert\":\"After the Treaty of Ḥudaybiyyah, who did the Prophet ﷺ send letters to?\\n\"}]}","question":"{\"ops\":[{\"insert\":\"I read that after the Treaty of Ḥudaybiyyah the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ began spreading Islam internationally through letters. Do we know where these messages were sent and who received them?\\n\"}]}","answer":"{\"ops\":[{\"insert\":\"That's right. The peace secured by the treaty allowed him to direct his attention outward and send formal letters to rulers and leaders across regions, inviting them to Islam.\\n\\nThese letters were carried by trusted Companions, each chosen for their wisdom, eloquence, and familiarity with the region or its language.\\n\\nThe letters mark a first in human history: a global outreach based on faith, ethics, and goodwill rather than political, military, or economic expansion. They were written with dignity and respect, beginning with the name of God, the Most Merciful, and carrying the same essential message: to worship Allah alone and follow His final Messenger.\\n\\nHere's a summary of the main recipients and where the messages were sent:\\n\\n\"},{\"attributes\":{\"underline\":true,\"bold\":true},\"insert\":\"1) Heraclius: Emperor of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire)\"},{\"insert\":\"\\nEnvoy: Dihyah ibn Khalīfah al-Kalbī (RA)\\nLocation: Sent to Heraclius in Ḥimṣ (Emesa), Syria.\\nContent: The Prophet ﷺ invited him to embrace Islam, emphasizing the continuity of revelation from the same God worshiped by Moses and Jesus.\\nOutcome: Heraclius received the letter respectfully and questioned Abu Sufyān (who was in Syria for trade) about the Prophet ﷺ. Though impressed by the Prophet’s truthfulness and character, he did not embrace Islam, fearing political consequences.\\n\\n\"},{\"attributes\":{\"underline\":true,\"bold\":true},\"insert\":\"2) Khosrow II: Emperor of the Persian (Sassanid) Empire\"},{\"insert\":\"\\nEnvoy: ‘Abdullāh ibn Ḥudhāfah al-Sahmī (RA)\\nLocation: Sent to Ctesiphon (modern-day Iraq).\\nOutcome: Khosrow reacted arrogantly, tore up the Prophet’s letter, and insulted the messenger. When news of this reached the Prophet ﷺ, he said, “May Allah tear up his kingdom.” Indeed, within years, his empire began to collapse under internal revolt and later Arab conquests.\\n\\n\"},{\"attributes\":{\"underline\":true,\"bold\":true},\"insert\":\"3) Al-Muqawqis: Ruler of Egypt (under Byzantine authority)\"},{\"insert\":\"\\nEnvoy: Ḥāṭib ibn Abī Balta‘ah (RA)\\nLocation: Alexandria, Egypt.\\nOutcome: Al-Muqawqis received the letter courteously and acknowledged the Prophet ﷺ as a noble messenger but did not accept Islam. He sent back gifts, including Mariyah al-Qibṭiyyah (who became the mother of the Prophet’s son Ibrāhīm).\\n\\n\"},{\"attributes\":{\"underline\":true,\"bold\":true},\"insert\":\"4) Negus: King of Abyssinia (Ethiopia)\"},{\"insert\":\"\\nEnvoy: ‘Amr ibn Umayyah al-Ḍamrī (RA)\\nOutcome: The Negus was already familiar with Islam from earlier Muslim refugees. Upon receiving this formal invitation, he reaffirmed his faith and is generally believed to have accepted Islam. When he died, the Prophet ﷺ performed the absentee funeral prayer (ṣalāt al-ghā’ib) for him.\\n\\n\"},{\"attributes\":{\"underline\":true,\"bold\":true},\"insert\":\"5) Al-Ḥārith ibn Abī Shamir al-Ghassānī: Arab vassal king under the Byzantines in Syria\"},{\"insert\":\"\\nEnvoy: Shujā‘ ibn Wahb al-Asadī (RA)\\nOutcome: He reacted harshly and is reported to have threatened to march against the Prophet ﷺ, but he never did.\\n\\n\"},{\"attributes\":{\"underline\":true,\"bold\":true},\"insert\":\"6) Munḏhir ibn Sāwā al-‘Abdī: Ruler of Bahrain\"},{\"insert\":\"\\nEnvoy: Al-‘Alā’ ibn al-Ḥaḍramī (RA)\\nOutcome: He accepted Islam, and many of his people followed him. Bahrain thus became one of the first regions outside the Hijaz to embrace Islam collectively.\\n\\n\"},{\"attributes\":{\"underline\":true,\"bold\":true},\"insert\":\"7) Ja‘far and ‘Abd al-Jalandi: Rulers of Oman\"},{\"insert\":\"\\nEnvoy: ‘Amr ibn al-‘Āṣ (RA)\\nOutcome: They responded favorably, accepted Islam, and their people soon followed.\\n\\n\"},{\"attributes\":{\"underline\":true,\"bold\":true},\"insert\":\"8) Hawdhah ibn ‘Alī al-Ḥanafī: Chief of Yamāmah\"},{\"insert\":\"\\nEnvoy: Sulayṭ ibn ‘Amr al-‘Āmirī (RA)\\nOutcome: He responded politely but did not accept Islam. He died not long after receiving the message.\\n\\n\"},{\"attributes\":{\"underline\":true,\"bold\":true},\"insert\":\"9) Harith al-Ḥimyarī: Ruler of Yemen\"},{\"insert\":\"\\nEnvoy: Farwah ibn Musayk al-Murādī (RA) (and later others)\\nOutcome: Some accepted Islam; others embraced it later when Yemen came under Muslim governance before the Prophet’s passing.\\n\"}]}","tags":[{"_id":"668da0400b76658b4c233240","tag":"Seerah: Other","count":18}],"createdOn":"2025-11-13T19:34:16.591Z"}